KOPERASI DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS
COOPERATIVE
UNDERSTANDING COOPERATIVE
Cooperatives comes from the cooperation by helping each Enriques had understanding each other or each other hand in hand . Bases cooperative activities based on the principles of economic movement is based on the principle of kinship .
Forms of cooperation in Indonesia have long existed, according Notoatmojo mutual cooperation started in 2000 BC . cooperatives , mutual cooperation and mutual help both contain elements of cooperation , but have different basic elements .
Understanding cooperatives can be done from a cooperative approach to the origin of the word , cooperatives comes from the Latin " coopere " which in English is called cooperation . Co means together and operation means work , so cooperation is cooperation .
Definition of ILO ( International Labour Organization )
In the ILO definition , there are 6 elements :
1 . The association ( association of persons )
2 . Based on a voluntary sacrifice ( voluntarily joined together )
3 . Achievement of economic objectives ( to Achieve a common economic )
4 . Cooperative is a business organization that is controlled democratically ( formation of a democratically controlled business organization )
5 . A fair contribution to the capital required ( making equitable contribution to the capital required)
6 . Accept risks and benefits are balanced ( accepting a fare shale of the risk and benefits of the undertake ) .
Definition Chaciago
suatukumpulan cooperative as consisting of persons or legal entities , which gives freedom to the members to get in and out , working in a family run business to achieve the welfare of its members .
Definition Dooren
Dooren stated no one accepted definition of cooperatives and cooperative at the same time adding a definition that could be a collection of entities .
Definition of Moh Hatta
Moh Hatta said the cooperative is a joint effort to improve the lot of subsistence economy based on mutual help . Spirit of mutual help was driven by a desire by members to other members " all for one , one for all " .
Definition Munker
Cooperatives are organizations that run " urusniaga " is set , that based on the concept of mutual help .
Definition of Law No.25/1992
Cooperative is a business entity consisting of persons or a body corporate or a co-operative , with the bases activities based on the principles of economic cooperation as well as the people's movement , which is based on a family basis .
The purpose Cooperative
In Law No.25/1992 regarding cooperatives Article 3 states that , the cooperative aims to promote the welfare of its members in particular and the society in general , as well as help build the national economy , in order to realize an advanced society , just and prosperous based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution .
cooperative principles
cooperative principle by Munker
The cooperative principles are the principles of social science formulated from experience and a major clue in doing something .
Rochdale Principles , among others :
1 . Democratic oversight .
2 . Membership is open .
3 . Interest on capital is limited .
4 . SHU distribution of services to members proportional to each member .
5 . Entirely with cash sales .
6 . The goods sold must be genuine and not faked .
7 . Provide education to the members of the cooperative principle .
8 . Neutral to politics and religion .
Principles of Raiffeisen
1 . Non
2 . Limited working area
3 . SHU for backup
4 . Responsibility of members is not limited
5 . Administrators to work on a voluntary basis
6 . Effort only to members
7 . Keanggotanya on the basis of character , not money
The principle of ICA (International Cooperative Alliance )
1 . Cooperative membership is open without any restriction made-up .
2 . Democratic leadership on the basis of one person one vote .
3 . Capital received limited interest , and even then if there is .
4 . SHU for public reserves and a portion is returned to the members in accordance with their respective services .
5 . All cooperative education should run continuously .
6 . Cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation both regionally , nationally and internationally .
ELEMENTS OF COOPERATION
1 . Cooperatives are business entities
2 . Cooperatives are a collection of people and entities cooperative .
3 . Indonesian Cooperative is a cooperative work by " cooperative principles " .
4 . Cooperative Indonesia is " economic movement " .
5 . Indonesian cooperatives berazaskan family .
Shape and type of Cooperatives
Cooperative type by function
• Cooperative purchasing / procurement / consumption is a cooperative which has the functions of purchase or procurement of goods and services to meet the needs of the final consumer . Here the member acting as the owner and purchaser or consumer to cooperatives.
• Cooperative sales / marketing is a cooperative that organizes the distribution function of the goods or services produced by its members to get in the hands of consumers . Here the member acting as the owner and supplier of the goods or services to cooperatives.
• Cooperative production is a cooperative that produces goods and services , where members work as an employee or employees of the cooperative . Here members take ownership and worker cooperatives .
• Cooperative is a cooperative service which organizes services needed by members , for example : savings and loans , insurance , transportation , and so on . Here members act as owners and users of services cooperative .
If cooperatives organized a function called single cooperative effort ( single -purpose cooperative ) , while the cooperative that organizes more than one function called business cooperatives ( multi purpose cooperative ) .
Types of cooperatives based on the level and the area of work
• Primary Cooperative
Primary cooperative is a cooperative that has a membership of at least 20 individuals .
• Cooperative Secondary
Is a cooperative made up of a combination of cooperative bodies and has a wide working area coverage compared to the primary cooperatives . Secondary cooperatives can be divided into :
• cooperative center - is a cooperative made up of at least 5 primary cooperatives
• joint cooperative - a cooperative whose members are at least 3 cooperative center
• parent cooperatives - are members of cooperatives minimum is 3 combined cooperative
Cooperative types according to their membership status
• Cooperative producer cooperatives whose members are producers of goods / services and have a household business .
• Consumer Cooperative is a cooperative whose members are the final consumer or user of goods / services offered by suppliers in the market .
Position of members in the cooperative may be in one state or two. Thus according to the status of members of cooperatives grouping closely related to cooperative grouping by function .
Cooperatives in Indonesia
Cooperatives in Indonesia, according to the 1992 Act , is defined as a business entity consisting of individuals or legal entities with the bases cooperative activities based on the principles of economic cooperation as well as people's movement that is based on a family basis . In Indonesia , the cooperative principles specified in this Law. 12 of 1967 and Law no. 25 of 1992 .
Cooperative principles in Indonesia is approximately equal to the internationally recognized principles with slight variations , namely the description of the SHU ( Business Profits ) .
History of cooperatives in Indonesia
A brief history of the cooperative movement began in the 20th century , which generally is the result of that effort was not spontaneous and was not done by people who are very kaya.Koperasi grow from among the people , when suffering the economic and social field generated by the capitalist system peaked . Some people whose livelihoods are simple with limited economic capacity , driven by the suffering and economic burden of the same , spontaneously joined hands to help himself and his fellow man .
In 1896 a Civil Service Patih R.Aria Wiria Atmaja in Purwokerto set up a bank for civil servants ( gentry ) . He was driven by his desire to help those employees who increasingly suffer from trapped by moneylenders who provide loans at high interest rates . The Patih intent to establish credit cooperatives as models in Germany . Ideals are then forwarded by the spirit of De Wolffvan Westerrode , a Dutch resident assistant . De Wolffvan Westerrode while on leave were able to visit Germany and advocated Aid Savings Bank will convert the existing Aid to Banks , Savings and Agriculture . In addition to civil servants farmers also need to be helped because they suffer even more because of the pressure of the pengijon . He also advocated changing the Bank to be cooperative . In addition, he also founded the village granaries are encouraging farmers to save on the harvest season and provide relief loans of rice in the lean season . He also tried to make it into barns Credit Cooperative Rice . But the Dutch government at that time another opinionated . Bank Aid , Savings and Agriculture and Cooperative Village Office is not used but the Dutch government established a new village barns , village banks , pawnshops and Cash Centrale which later became the Bank Rakyat Indonesia ( BRI ) . All of that is a business entity 's authority and led by the Government .
In the days of the Dutch -forming cooperatives can not be implemented because :
1 . There has been no government agencies or non- governmental agencies that provide information and education about cooperatives .
2 . There is no law governing cooperatives life .
3 . Colonial government itself was hesitant because of political considerations advocated cooperative , cooperative worry it will be used by the political objective harm to the colonial government .
Anticipate the development of cooperatives already socialized , Dutch government issued regulations regarding cooperatives . The first , issued Regulation No. Cooperative Society . 43 , 1915 , and in 1927 issued Regulation No. anyway . 91 , 1927 , which governs the Cooperative Society - Society for Bumiputra groups . In 1933 , the Dutch East Indies government stipulate Society General Cooperative Society - No . 21 , 1933 . Regulations 1933 , it is only applied to groups that are subject to the legal order of the West , whereas Regulation 1927 , applicable to class Bumiputra . Discrimination is enforced at the level of cooperative life .
In 1908 , Budi Utomo is founded by Dr . Sutomo provide a role for the cooperative movement to improve the lives of the people . In 1915 the rules made Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging , and in 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve .
In 1927 established Islamic Trade Union , which aims to fight the economic position pengusah - indigenous entrepreneurs . Then in 1929 , the Indonesian National Party stood fighting for the dissemination of the cooperative spirit .
However , in 1933 a law came out like Law no . 431 so lethal cooperative efforts for the second time . In 1942 the Japanese occupation of Indonesia . Japan and establishing cooperative kumiyai . Originally cooperative is running smoothly . However, its function changed drastically and become a tool to benefit Japan , and misery to the people of Indonesia.
After Indonesian independence , on July 12, 1947 , the cooperative movement in Indonesian Cooperative Congress held the first in Tasikmalaya . Today is then set as the Day of Cooperatives Indonesia . As well as forming the Central Organization of Indonesian People's Cooperative ( SOKRI ) located in Tasikmalaya ( Bandung as the capital of the province is being occupied by the Dutch ) .
The function and role of cooperatives Indonesia
According to Law no . 1992 25 Section 4 explained that the cooperative has the function and role of , among others, to develop the potential and economic viability and community members , working enhance the quality of human life , strengthen the economy of the people , developing the national economy , as well as develop creativity and spirit organization for the nation's students .
cooperative functions under Law No.25/1992 :
1 . Build and develop the potential economic viability members in particular and the society at large to improve the economic and social welfare .
2 . Play an active role in efforts to enhance the quality of human life and society .
3 . Strengthen the economy of the people as the basis of the defense forces and the national economy .
4 . Trying to establish and develop the national economy which is a joint venture on the basis of the principle of kinship and economic democracy .
REFERENCES
Kusnadi , Hendar , Economic Koperasi.Jakarta : Issuing FEUI
WWW . Indonesian Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia bebas.com
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